How can the theory of rational decision be made fruitful for basic questions of practical philosophy, but what are the limits of this approach at the same time? These are the questions addressed in this book. The authors demonstrate that decision theory is compatible with a broad spectrum of anthropological and rationality-theoretical positions, that it opens the view for the great typological variety of different decision situations, and that it allows a differentiated analysis of attitudes guiding action. Designed as an introduction for students and teachers, this book conveys and discusses the foundations of this theory, its central concepts and methods, and introduces important philosophical applications in ethics and political philosophy.